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LoRa Specification Copyright © 2015 LoRa Alliance, Inc. All rights reserved. NOTICE OF USE AND DISCLOSURE Copyright © LoRa Alliance, Inc. (2015). All Rights Reserved. The information within this document is the property of the LoRa Alliance (―The Alliance‖) and its use and disclosure are subject to LoRa Alliance Corporate Bylaws, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy and Membership Agreements. Elements of LoRa Alliance specifications may be subject to third party intellectual property rights, including without limitation, patent, copyright or trademark rights (such a third party may or may not be a member of LoRa Alliance). The Alliance is not responsible and shall not be held responsible in any manner for identifying or failing to identify any or all such third party intellectual property rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an ―AS IS‖ basis and THE ALLIANCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOTLIMITED TO (A) ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREINWILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES (INCLUDING WITHOUTLIMITATION ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INCLUDING PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR TRADEMARK RIGHTS) OR (B) ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,TITLE OR NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT WILL THE ALLIANCE BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF USE OF DATA, INTERRUPTION OFBUSINESS, OR FOR ANY OTHER DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR EXEMPLARY, INCIDENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, IN CONTRACT OR IN TORT, IN CONNECTION WITH THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGE. The above notice and this paragraph must be included on all copies of this document that are made. LoRa Alliance, Inc. 2400 Camino Ramon, Suite 375 San Ramon, CA 94583 Note: All Company, brand and product names may be trademarks that are the sole property of their respective owners. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 ©2015 LoRa™ Alliance Page 1 of 82 The authors reserve the right to change specifications without notice. LoRaWAN Specification LoRaWAN™ Specification Authors: N. Sornin (Semtech), M. Luis (Semtech), T. Eirich (IBM), T. Kramp (IBM), O.Hersent (Actility) Version: V1.0 Date: 2015 January Status: Released Important note: This is a candidate specification for the LoRa™ Alliance protocol named LoRaWAN™. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ©2015 LoRa™ Alliance Page 2 of 82 The authors reserve the right to change specifications without notice. LoRaWAN Specification 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 4 5 Contents 1 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 LoRaWAN Classes .................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Conventions ............................................................................................................. 8 Introduction on LoRaWAN options ............................................................................... 9 2.1 LoRaWAN Classes .................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Specification scope ................................................................................................ 10 Class A – All end-devices ................................................................................................... 11 Physical Message Formats ........................................................................................ 12 3 3.1 Uplink Messages .................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Downlink Messages ............................................................................................... 12 3.3 Receive Windows................................................................................................... 12 3.3.1 First receive window channel, data rate, and start ............................................ 13 3.3.2 Second receive window channel, data rate, and start ....................................... 13 3.3.3 Receive window duration .................................................................................. 13 3.3.4 Receiver activity during the receive windows .................................................... 13 3.3.5 Network sending a message to an end-device ................................................. 13 3.3.6 Important notice on receive windows ................................................................ 14 3.3.7 Receiving or transmitting other protocols .......................................................... 14 MAC Message Formats ............................................................................................. 15 4.1 MAC Layer (PHYPayload) ...................................................................................... 15 4.2 MAC Header (MHDR field) ..................................................................................... 15 4.2.1 Message type (MType bit field) ......................................................................... 16 4.2.2 Major version of data message (Major bit field) ................................................ 16 4.3 MAC Payload of Data Messages (MACPayload) .................................................... 17 4.3.1 Frame header (FHDR) ...................................................................................... 17 4.3.2 Port field (FPort) ............................................................................................... 20 4.3.3 MAC Frame Payload Encryption (FRMPayload) ............................................... 20 4.4 Message Integrity Code (MIC)................................................................................ 21 MAC Commands........................................................................................................ 22 5.1 Link Check commands (LinkCheckReq, LinkCheckAns) ........................................ 23 5.2 Link ADR commands (LinkADRReq, LinkADRAns) ................................................ 23 5.3 End-Device Transmit Duty Cycle (DutyCycleReq, DutyCycleAns) .......................... 25 5.4 Receive Windows Parameters (RXParamSetupReq, RXParamSetupAns) ............ 26 5.5 End-Device Status (DevStatusReq, DevStatusAns) ............................................... 27 5.6 Creation / Modification of a Channel (NewChannelReq, NewChannelAns) ............ 27 5.7 Setting delay between TX and RX (RXTimingSetupReq, RXTimingSetupAns) ...... 28 End-Device Activation ................................................................................................ 30 6.1 Data Stored in the End-device after Activation ....................................................... 30 6.1.1 End-device address (DevAddr) ......................................................................... 30 6.1.2 Application identifier (AppEUI) .......................................................................... 30 6.1.3 Network session key (NwkSKey) ...................................................................... 30 6.1.4 Application session key (AppSKey) .................................................................. 30 6.2 Over-the-Air Activation ........................................................................................... 30 6.2.1 End-device identifier (DevEUI) ......................................................................... 31 6.2.2 Application key (AppKey) ................................................................................. 31 6.2.3 Join procedure.................................................................................................. 31 6.2.4 Join-request message ...................................................................................... 31 6.2.5 Join-accept message........................................................................................ 32 6.3 Activation by Personalization ................................................................................. 33 6 ©2015 LoRa™ Alliance Page 3 of 82 The authors reserve the right to change specifications without notice. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 LoRaWAN Specification 7 Physical Layer ........................................................................................................... 34 7.1 EU 863-870MHz ISM Band .................................................................................... 34 7.1.1 EU863-870 Preamble Format ........................................................................... 34 7.1.2 EU863-870 ISM Band channel frequencies ...................................................... 34 7.1.3 EU863-870 Data Rate and End-point Output Power encoding ......................... 35 7.1.4 EU863-870 JoinAccept CFList .......................................................................... 35 7.1.5 EU863-870 LinkAdrReq command ................................................................... 36 7.1.6 EU863-870 Maximum payload size .................................................................. 36 7.1.7 EU863-870 Receive windows ........................................................................... 37 7.1.8 EU863-870 Default Settings ............................................................................. 37 7.2 US 902-928MHz ISM Band .................................................................................... 39 7.2.1 US902-928 Preamble Format ........................................................................... 39 7.2.2 US902-928 Channel Frequencies .................................................................... 39 7.2.3 US902-928 Data Rate and End-point Output Power encoding ......................... 39 7.2.4 US902-928 JoinResp CFList ............................................................................ 40 7.2.5 US902-928 LinkAdrReq command ................................................................... 40 7.2.6 US902-928 Maximum payload size .................................................................. 41 7.2.7 US902-928 Receive windows ........................................................................... 42 7.2.8 US902-928 Default Settings ............................................................................. 42 7.3 China 779-787MHz ISM Band ................................................................................ 43 7.3.1 CN779-787 Preamble Format ........................................................................... 43 7.3.2 CN779-787 ISM Band channel frequencies ...................................................... 43 7.3.3 CN779-787 Data Rate and End-point Output Power encoding ........................ 44 7.3.4 CN779-787 JoinAccept CFList ........................................................................ 44 7.3.5 CN779-787 LinkAdrReq command .................................................................. 45 7.3.6 CN779-787 Maximum payload size ................................................................. 45 7.3.7 CN779-787 Receive windows ........................................................................... 46 7.3.8 CN779-787 Default Settings ............................................................................ 46 7.4 EU 433MHz ISM Band ........................................................................................... 47 7.4.1 EU433 Preamble Format .................................................................................. 47 7.4.2 EU433 ISM Band channel frequencies ............................................................. 47 7.4.3 EU433 Data Rate and End-point Output Power encoding ................................ 48 7.4.4 EU433 JoinAccept CFList ................................................................................. 48 7.4.5 EU433 LinkAdrReq command .......................................................................... 49 7.4.6 EU433 Maximum payload size ......................................................................... 49 7.4.7 EU433 Receive windows .................................................................................. 50 7.4.8 EU433 Default Settings .................................................................................... 50 Class B – Beacon ............................................................................................................... 51 Introduction to Class B ............................................................................................... 52 8 9 Principle of synchronous network initiated downlink (Class-B option) ......................... 53 10 Uplink frame in Class B mode .................................................................................... 55 11 Downlink Ping frame format (Class B option) ............................................................. 56 11.1 Physical frame format ............................................................................................ 56 11.2 Unicast & Multicast MAC messages ....................................................................... 56 11.2.1 Unicast MAC message format .......................................................................... 56 11.2.2 Multicast MAC message format ........................................................................ 56 12 Beacon acquisition and tracking ................................................................................. 57 12.1 Minimal beacon-less operation time ....................................................................... 57 12.2 Extension of beacon-less operation upon reception ............................................... 57 12.3 Minimizing timing drift ............................................................................................. 57 13 Class B Downlink slot timing ...................................................................................... 58 13.1 Definitions .............................................................................................................. 58 13.2 Slot randomization ................................................................................................. 59 ©2015 LoRa™ Alliance Page 4 of 82 The authors reserve the right to change specifications without notice. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 LoRaWAN Specification 14 Class B MAC commands ........................................................................................... 60 14.1 PingSlotInfoReq ..................................................................................................... 60 14.2 BeaconFreqReq ..................................................................................................... 61 14.3 PingSlotChannelReq .............................................................................................. 61 14.4 BeaconTimingReq .................................................................................................. 62 14.5 BeaconTimingAns .................................................................................................. 63 15 Beaconing (Class B option) ........................................................................................ 64 15.1 Beacon physical layer ............................................................................................ 64 15.1.1 EU 863-870MHz ISM Band .............................................................................. 64 15.1.2 US 902-928MHz ISM Band .............................................................................. 64 15.2 Beacon frame content ............................................................................................ 65 15.3 Beacon GwSpecific field format .............................................................................. 66 15.3.1 Gateway GPS coordinate:InfoDesc = 0, 1 or 2 ................................................. 67 15.4 Beaconing precise timing ....................................................................................... 67 15.5 Network downlink route update requirements ......................................................... 67 16 Class B unicast & multicast downlink channel frequencies ......................................... 69 16.1 EU 863-870MHz ISM Band .................................................................................... 69 16.2 US 902-928MHz ISM Band .................................................................................... 69 Class C – Continuously listening ......................................................................................... 70 17 Class C: Continuously listening end-device................................................................ 71 17.1 Second receive window duration for Class C ......................................................... 71 17.2 Class C Multicast downlinks ................................................................................... 71 Support information ............................................................................................................. 72 18 Examples and Application Information ....................................................................... 73 18.1 Uplink Timing Diagram for Confirmed Data Messages ........................................... 73 18.2 The third ACK frame in this example also carries an application payload. A downlink frame can carry any combination of ACK, MAC control commands and payload. Downlink Diagram for Confirmed Data Messages ............................. 73 18.3 Downlink Timing for Frame-Pending Messages ..................................................... 74 18.4 Data-Rate Adaptation during Message Retransmissions........................................ 76 19 Recommendation on contract to be provided to the network server by the end- device provider at the time of provisioning .......................................................................... 77 20 Recommendation on finding the locally used channels .............................................. 78 21 Revisions ................................................................................................................... 79 21.1 Revision 1.0 ........................................................................................................... 79 22 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 80 23 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 81 23.1 References............................................................................................................. 81 24 NOTICE OF USE AND DISCLOSURE ....................................................................... 82 Tables Table 1: MAC message types ............................................................................................. 16 Table 2: Major list ................................................................................................................ 16 Table 3: FPort list ................................................................................................................ 20 Table 4: MAC commands .................................................................................................... 22 Table 5: Channel state table ............................................................................................... 24 Table 6: LinkADRAns status bits signification ..................................................................... 25 Table 7: RX2SetupAns status bits signification ................................................................... 26 Table 8: Battery level decoding ........................................................................................... 27 Table 9: NewChannelAns status bits signification ............................................................... 28 ©2015 LoRa™ Alliance Page 5 of 82 The authors reserve the right to change specifications without notice.