Guide for Applying Harmonic Limits on Power Systems
P519A/D5
May 4, 1996
Prepared by the P519A Task Force
of the
Harmonics Working Group (IEEE PES T&D Committee)
and SCC22 - Power Quality
Copyright
©
1994 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
345 East 47th Street
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All rights reserved
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P519A/D5
5/4/96
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ..........................................................................................................................1
2. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................2
3.0 BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................................4
3.1 B
ASIC
R
ESPONSIBILITIES
.....................................................................................................................................4
3.2 IEEE 519 A
PPLICATION
C
ONCERNS
....................................................................................................................5
3.3 T
HE
H
ARMONIC
L
IMITS
.......................................................................................................................................6
3.3.1 Voltage Distortion Limits............................................................................................................................6
3.3.2 Current Distortion Limits ...........................................................................................................................7
3.4 P
OINT OF
C
OMMON
C
OUPLING
A
SSUMPTION
.......................................................................................................9
4.0 GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR APPLYING HARMONIC LIMITS .........................................................10
4.1 G
ENERAL
E
VALUATION
P
ROCEDURE
.................................................................................................................10
4.1.1 Stage 1: Automatic Acceptance ...............................................................................................................12
4.1.2 Stage 2: Evaluation According to the Current Limits .............................................................................14
4.2 E
VALUATING THE
T
IME
V
ARYING
C
HARACTERISTICS OF
H
ARMONICS
..............................................................14
4.2.1 Probability Distributions ..........................................................................................................................14
4.2.2 Magnitude/Duration Limits for Short Duration Harmonic Levels ...........................................................15
4.3 M
EASUREMENT
C
ONSIDERATIONS
....................................................................................................................16
4.3.1 Where to Measure.....................................................................................................................................17
4.3.2 Harmonic Voltage Measurements ............................................................................................................18
4.3.3 Harmonic Current Measurements ............................................................................................................18
4.3.4 Monitoring Durations...............................................................................................................................18
4.3.5 Important System Conditions....................................................................................................................19
4.3.6 Presentation of Measurement Results.......................................................................................................19
4.3.5 Sampling Requirements ............................................................................................................................21
4.4 F
INDING THE
S
OURCE OF
H
ARMONICS
...............................................................................................................21
5.0 APPLYING HARMONIC LIMITS FOR INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES ......................................................24
5.1 E
XAMPLE
C
ASE
S
TUDY
.....................................................................................................................................25
5.1.1 Background...............................................................................................................................................26
5.1.2 System Description ...................................................................................................................................26
5.1.3 Harmonic Source Characteristics ............................................................................................................27
5.1.4 Selecting the PCC .....................................................................................................................................28
5.1.5 Calculating Compliance with Harmonic Limits .......................................................................................29
5.1.6 Developing the Solution............................................................................................................................30
5.1.7 Measurement Results/ Time Varying Characteristics...............................................................................31
5.2 C
HARACTERISTICS OF
M
OST
I
MPORTANT
L
OAD
T
YPES
.....................................................................................33
5.2.1 Adjustable Speed AC Drives .....................................................................................................................33
5.2.2 DC Drives .................................................................................................................................................37
5.2.3 Heating Processes ....................................................................................................................................38
5.3 P
OWER
F
ACTOR
C
ORRECTION
C
ONSIDERATIONS
..............................................................................................41
5.3.1 Resonance Concerns.................................................................................................................................41
5.3.2 Power Factor Correction with Tuned Capacitors ....................................................................................41
5.3.3 Absorbing Harmonics from the Supply System.........................................................................................44
5.3.4 Automatic Power Factor Correction Systems...........................................................................................44
5.4 F
ILTER
C
ONSIDERATIONS
..................................................................................................................................45
i
Copyright
©
1996 IEEE. All Rights Reserved.
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.
P519A/D5
5/4/96
5.4.1 Passive Tuned Filters................................................................................................................................45
5.4.2 Filter Performance Verification Measurements .......................................................................................50
5.4.3 Active Filters.............................................................................................................................................53
5.5 V
OLTAGE
N
OTCHING
C
ONCERNS
......................................................................................................................54
5.6 O
THER
H
ARMONIC
P
RODUCING
L
OADS
.............................................................................................................57
5.6.1 Arc Furnaces ............................................................................................................................................57
5.6.2 Semiconverters..........................................................................................................................................57
5.6.4 Cycloconverters ........................................................................................................................................57
5.6.5 Aluminum Rectifier Loads ........................................................................................................................57
6.0 APPLYING HARMONIC LIMITS FOR COMMERCIAL CUSTOMERS ................................................59
6.1 I
MPORTANT
L
OAD
T
YPES FOR
C
OMMERCIAL
F
ACILITIES
...................................................................................59
6.2 T
YPICAL
H
ARMONIC
C
URRENT
L
EVELS FOR
C
OMMERCIAL
B
UILDINGS
............................................................63
6.3 E
XAMPLE
P
ROBLEMS AND
S
OLUTIONS
..............................................................................................................64
6.3.1 Neutral Conductor Overloading...............................................................................................................64
6.3.2 Transformer Heating ................................................................................................................................67
6.3.3 ASD Applications for HVAC.....................................................................................................................68
6.3.4 Lighting Retrofits ......................................................................................................................................69
6.3.5 Harmonic Control for UPS Systems .........................................................................................................69
6.3.6 Standby Generators ..................................................................................................................................69
7.0 APPLYING HARMONIC LIMITS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS..................................................70
7.1 H
ARMONIC
C
HARACTERISTICS OF
R
ESIDENTIAL
L
OADS
...................................................................................71
7.2 E
XAMPLES OF
E
QUIPMENT
H
ARMONIC
L
IMITS
..................................................................................................72
7.3 C
ANCELLATION
E
FFECTS WITH
D
ISPERSED
S
OURCES OF
H
ARMONICS
...............................................................72
7.4 E
XAMPLES OF
I
MPORTANT
L
OAD
T
YPES
...........................................................................................................72
7.4.1 Compact Fluorescents ..............................................................................................................................72
7.4.2 ASD Heat Pumps ......................................................................................................................................72
7.4.3 Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers ............................................................................................................72
8.0 UTILITY SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS.......................................................................................................73
8.1 G
ENERAL
C
ONSIDERATIONS
..............................................................................................................................73
8.2 U
SING THE
H
ARMONIC
D
ISTORTION
L
IMITS AS A
C
ONTROL
M
EASURE
.............................................................73
8.2.1 Voltage Distortion Limits..........................................................................................................................73
8.2.2 Current Distortion Limits .........................................................................................................................74
8.2.3 Exceptional Circumstances.......................................................................................................................74
8.3 P
OWER
S
YSTEM
E
QUIPMENT
A
PPLICATION
C
ONSIDERATIONS
..........................................................................75
8.3.1 Example - Static Var System Application .................................................................................................75
8.4 H
ARMONIC
M
ITIGATION
T
ECHNIQUES
...............................................................................................................76
8.4.1 Removal or Relocation of Shunt Capacitor Banks ...................................................................................76
8.4.2 Application of Passive Filters...................................................................................................................77
8.4.3 Application of Active Filters .....................................................................................................................77
8.5 E
CONOMIC
C
ONSIDERATIONS
............................................................................................................................77
8.6 O
THER
C
ONSIDERATIONS
..................................................................................................................................78
8.6.1 Telephone Interference .............................................................................................................................78
8.6.2 Tariff Considerations................................................................................................................................78
8.6.3 DSM Programs and Equipment Incentives...............................................................................................79
8.6.4 Torsional Interaction Concerns................................................................................................................79
8.6.5 Other Concerns.........................................................................................................................................79
ii
Copyright
©
1996 IEEE. All Rights Reserved.
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.
P519A/D5
5/4/96
1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
IEEE Standard 519-1992,
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems,
provides procedures for controlling harmonics on the power system along with
recommended limits for customer harmonic injection and overall power system harmonic levels. This
document provides example applications of the procedures and limits in IEEE 519-1992.
The following are specific objectives for this guide:
1. Provide general harmonic evaluation procedures for different classes of customers (industrial,
commercial, residential) and for the application of equipment on the utility system.
2. Illustrate methods for evaluating harmonic levels at the point of common coupling (PCC).
Examples should illustrate the concepts of the PCC, direction of harmonic current flow, the
average maximum demand load current, the short circuit ratio (SCR), and the total demand
distortion (TDD).
3. Provide examples of measurement procedures for evaluating harmonic voltages and currents at
the PCC. The measurement procedures should address the time variations and the statistical
characteristics of the harmonic levels.
4. Illustrate evaluation of harmonic levels for existing and new customers.
5. Illustrate methods of harmonic control at the customer level and on the utility system.
Describe possible concerns for filter applications and possible interaction with other
customers.
1
Copyright
©
1996 IEEE. All Rights Reserved.
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.
P519A/D5
5/4/96
2. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
IEEE 519-1992.
IEC 1000-2-2
IEC 50(161)(1990) - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Chapter 161: Electromagnetic
Compatibility.
IEEE STD 100-1992, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms (ANSI).
IEC Task Force Publication on Harmonic Limits for Medium Voltage Customers
‘Application of Steady-State Harmonic Limits to the Time-Varying Measured harmonic
Distortions’ by Wilsun Xu, December 1993.
IEC 1000-4-7 or 1000-4-13. Harmonic measurement guidelines.
Effect of different sampling durations on the harmonic statistics. Con Ed paper from IAS
meeting or similar reference.
IEEE/ANSI C57.110. Transformer harmonic limits.
PQA 95 paper on active filters
B. Banerjee et al, “Design of an Active Series/Passive Parallel Harmonic Filter for ASD Loads at
a Wastewater Treatment Plant,” PQA 92, Atlanta, 1992.
R.A. Adams, et. al., “Power Quality Issues Within Modern Industrial Facilities, “ IAS Textile
Film and Fiber Meeting, Atlanta, GA., 1990.
L. Tang, et al., “Voltage Notching Interaction Caused by Large Adjustable Speed Drives
on Distribution Systems with Low Short Circuit Capacities, “ 1995 IEEE PES Summer Power
Meeting.
R. Zavadil, et al., Commercial facility harmonic paper, PQA 91, Paris.
IEC 1000-3-2.
Draft version of IEC 1000-3-4.
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[25]
[26]
[27]
Rory Dwyer paper on harmonic simulation techniques.
Transmission SVC harmonic control
Arc furnace SVC harmonic control
2
Copyright
©
1996 IEEE. All Rights Reserved.
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.
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