About This BookThe MindShare Architecture Series1Organization of This Book.......2Who Should Read This Book ..3Prerequisite Knowledge...........4Documentation Conventions...4Hex Notation.4Binary Notation....................4Decimal Notation.................4Signal Name Representation.......5Identification of Bit Fields...5We Want Your Feedback ..........5E-Mail/Phone/FAX ............5Bulletin Board.6Mailing Address ..................6Chapter 1: 80486 OverviewSystem Performance Prior to the 80486.................7The Memory Bottleneck ...........7The Static Ram, or SRAM, Solution..................8The External Cache Solution .......8Advantage: Reduces Many Memory Accesses to Zero Wait States.8Disadvantage: Memory Accesses Still Bound By Bus Speed...8The 80486 Solution: Internal Code/Data Cache 9Faster Memory Accesses.......9Frees Up the Bus...........9The Floating-Point Bottleneck 9The 80386/80387 Solution 10The 80486 Solution: Integrate the FPU...........10The 80486 Microarchitecture..10The Intel Family of 486 Processors 12Chapter 2: Functional UnitsThe 80486 Functional Units....13Introduction.13The 80486 Bus Unit............15The 80486 Cache Unit........15The Instruction Pipeline/Decode Unit ..........16Instruction Prefetch ....17Two-Stage Instruction Decode.................18Execution .....................18Register Write-Back....18The Control Unit ................18The Floating-Point Unit ....19The Datapath Unit .............19The Memory Management Unit (MMU).......20Chapter 3: The Hardware InterfaceHardware Interface..................21General 21Clock .......23Address...23Data Bus..24Data Bus Parity...25Bus Cycle Definition...............26Bus Cycle Control ....................27Burst Control ......28Interrupts28Bus Arbitration..29Cache Invalidation ..................30Cache Control .....30Numeric Error Reporting........32Bus Size Control.32Address Mask.....33SL Technology...33Boundary Scan Interface ........34Upgrade Processor Support ...35Chapter 4: The 486 Cache and Line Fill OperationsThe 486 Caching Solution ......37The 486 Internal Cache......37The Advantage of a Level 2 Cache.................38The 486 with an L2 Look-Through Cache ..........38Handling of I/O Reads .....40Handling of I/O Writes ....40Handling of Memory Reads......40Handling of Memory Writes .....41Handling of Memory Reads by Another Bus Master ....................41When a Write-Through Policy is Used ...42When a Write-Back Policy is Used..........42Handling of Memory Writes by Another Bus Master ...................42When a Write-Through Policy is Used ...43When a Write-Back Policy is Used..........43The Bus Snooping Process .....45Summary of the L2 Look-Through Cache Designs ......45The 486 with an L2 Look-Aside Cache ...............46Anatomy of a Memory Read..48The Internal Cache's View of Main Memory 48L1 Memory Read Request 49The Structure of the L1 Cache Controller......49Set the Cache Stage............50The Cache Look-Up...........52The Bus Cycle Request ......52Memory Subsystem Agrees to Perform a Line Fill ..54Cache Line Fill Defined.....55Conversion to a Cache Line Fill Operation ...56L2 Cache's Interpretation of the Memory Address ..56The L2 Cache Look-Up .....57The Affect of the L2 Cache Read Miss on the Microprocessor .....57Organization of the DRAM Main Memory...57The Cache Line Fill Transfer Sequence..........58The First Doubleword Is Read from DRAM Memory ...................59First Doubleword Transferred to the L2 Cache andthe 80486 Microprocessor .59Memory Subsystem's Treatment of the Next ThreeDoubleword Addresses ....60Transfer of the Second Doubleword to the Microprocessor .........60Memory Subsystem Latching of the Third and Fourth Doublewords .61Transfer of the Third Doubleword.................61The Beginning of the End .62Transfer of the Fourth and Final Doubleword.62Internal Cache Update ......62Summary of the Memory Read.64Burst Transfers from Four-Way Interleaved Memory .64Burst Transfers from L2 Cache.......66The Interrupted Burst .............67Cache Line Fill Without Bursting..69Internal Cache Handling of Memory Writes.....73Invalidation Cycles (486 Cache Snooping) ........73L1 and L2 Cache Control ........74Chapter 5: Bus Transactions (Non-Cache)Overview of 486 Bus Cycles...77Bus Cycle Definition...............78Interrupt Acknowledge Bus Cycle 79Special Cycles....79Shutdown Special Cycle ...80Flush Special Cycle............80Halt Special Cycle..............80Stop Grant Acknowledge .81Write-Back Special Cycle ..81Non-Burst Bus Cycles .............81Transfers with 8-,16-, and 32-bit Devices ...........82Address Translation..........82Data Bus Steering...............84Non-Cacheable Burst Reads ..85Non-Cacheable Burst Writes .87Locked Transfers89Pseudo-Locked Transfers .......89Transactions and BOFF# (Bus Cycle Restart) ....90The Bus Cycle State Machine91I/O Recovery Time...................92Write Buffers ......93General 93The Write Buffers and I/O Cycles..................94Chapter 6: SL TechnologyIntroduction to SL Technology Used in the 486 Processors..............95System Management Mode (SMM) ....................96System Management Memory (SMRAM).....98The SMRAM Address Map98Initializing SMRAM.101Changing the SMRAM Base Address...101Entering SMM..................101The System Asserts SMI ...101Back-to-Back SMI Requests.............102SMI and Cache Coherency..............102Pending Writes are Flushed to System Memory...................102SMIACT# is Asserted (SMRAM Accessed)......103Processor Saves Its State ...103Auto-HALT Restart....105SMM Revision Identifier .................105SMBASE Slot ......106I/O Instruction Restart ....................106The Processor Enters SMM ....................107Address Space...........108Exceptions and Interrupts 108Executing the SMI Handler .....109Exiting SMM.....................109Processor’s Response to RSM.................109State Save Area Restored..110Maintaining Cache Coherency When SMRAM is Cacheable.......111486 Clock Control...................111The Stop Grant State........111Stop Clock State ...............113Auto-HALT Power Down .......113Stop Clock Snoop State ...114Chapter 7: Summary of Software ChangesChanges to the Software Environment.............115Instruction Set Enhancements......116The Register Set .....................117Base Architecture Registers.....117The System-Level Registers.....119Control Register 0 (CR0)...120Cache Disable (CD) and Not Write-Through (NW) ......121Alignment Mask (AM).....................121Write-Protect (WP) .....122Numeric Exception (NE) .................122Control Register 2 (CR2)...122Control Register 3 (CR3)...123Control Register 4 (CR4)...123Global Des criptor Table Register (GDTR)........124Interrupt Des criptor Table Register (IDTR) .....124Task State Segment Register (TR)..........124Local Des criptor Table Register (LDTR)..124Virtual Paging ..................125The Floating-Point Registers ..................126The Debug and Test Registers ...............128Chapter 8: The 486SX and 487SX ProcessorsIntroduction to the 80486SX and 80487SX Processors131The 486SX Signal Interface ..132Register Differences..............132Chapter 9: The 486DX2 and 486SX2 ProcessorsThe Clock Doubler Processors .....135Chapter 10: The Write Back Enhanced 486DX2Introduction to the Write Back Enhanced 486DX2 .....137Advantage of the Write-Back Policy .................138The Write-Through Policy.......138The Write-Back Policy.....139Signal Interface 139New Signals139Existing Signals with Modified Functionality141The MESI Model....................141Write Back Enhanced 486DX2 System without an L2 Cache..........144Cache Line Fill..................144Bus Master Read — Processor Snoop ..........146Bus Master Write — Processor Snoop .........148Write Back Enhanced 486DX2 System with an L2 Cache................150The L2 Cache with a Write-Through Policy151The L2 Cache with a Write-Back Policy.......152Snoop Cycle During Cache Line Fill ............152Special Cycles...155Clock Control...156Chapter 11: The 486DX4 ProcessorPrimary Feature of the 486DX4 Processor ........159Clock Multiplier ....................15916KB Internal Cache..............1605vdc Tolerant Design ............162Glossary165Index......183
猜您喜欢
推荐内容
开源项目推荐 更多
热门活动
热门器件
用户搜过
随便看看
热门下载
热门文章
热门标签
评论