Preface . . . . xiChapter 1: Basic MOS Device Physics 11.1 Introduction . . . 1Chapter Outline. . 11.2 MOS Transistors. . 1Basic Operation. . 1Scaling of MOS Transistors 51.3 MOSFET Switches7Switch On-Resistance.. . . 7Charge Injection. . 91.4 MOSFET Capacitors.. . . 11References 13Chapter 2: Operational Amplifi ers . 152.1 Introduction. . 15Chapter Outline. 152.2 Two-Stage Op-Amps. . . 152.3 Telescopic and Folded-Cascode Op-Amps 19Appendix 2.1 . . . . 24References 25Chapter 3: Switched-Capacitor Building Blocks . 273.1 Introduction. . 27Chapter Outline. 273.2 Switched-Capacitor Resistor Simulation . . 28SC Resistor Simulations. 28The Advantages of SC Resistor Simulations . 34Capacitance Ratios versus Circuit Parameters 353.3 Switched-Capacitor Integrators . . . 40Parasitic-Sensitive SC Integrators 40Parasitic-Insensitive SC Integrators . . . . . 48Fully Differential Integrators . . . . 533.4 CMOS Sample-and-Hold Circuits 58Performance Parameters.59Testing S&H Circuits. . . 62CMOS S&H Circuits. . . 643.5 Switched-Capacitor Interpolators and Decimators. . . 69SC Interpolators. 69SC Decimators. . 743.6 Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Circuits . . . . . 77Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis . . . . 77Mason’s Rule 78Appendix 3.1 . . . . 82References 83Chapter 4: Switched-Capacitor Filters . . . . 894.1 Introduction. . 89Chapter Outline. .894.2 Low-Order Switched-Capacitor Filters . . . 90First-Order SC Filters.. . 90Second-Order SC Filters91Area-Effi cient High-Q SC Filters . 934.3 High-Order Switched-Capacitor Filters . . 96Realizations of SC Filters . 96Biquad Ordering and Dynamic Range Scaling . . . . . 98Design Example: An Elliptical Low-Pass SC Filter 1014.4 High-Frequency CMOS Switched-Capacitor Filters 114Appendix 4.1 . . . 118References . . . . . 133Chapter 5: Switched-Capacitor Data Converters . . . . . 1375.1 Introduction. 137Chapter Outline1395.2 Performance Parameters of Data Converters 139DAC Specifi cations.. . . 139ADC Specifi cations. . . 144INL, DNL, and Quantization Noise . . . . 1495.3 Nyquist-Rate DACs.. . . 151Integrated Nyquist-Rate DACs . . 151Nyquist-Rate SC DACs.153Matching Accuracy of Data Converters . 1575.4 Nyquist-Rate ADCs. . . 162Flash ADCs 162Two-Step ADCs168Pipelined ADCs173Cyclic ADCs.. . 182Successive-Approximation ADCs . . . . . 1855.5 Oversampling Data Converters . . 188Nyquist Rate versus Oversampling . . . . 188Noise Shaping and Stability . . . . 190Types of ΔΣ Modulators . 196ΔΣ Modulators with Single-Bit Quantization197ΔΣ Modulators with Multibit Quantization . 204Appendix 5.1 . . . 207References . . . . . 216Chapter 6: Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converters . . .2236.1 Introduction. 223Types of SC DC-DC Converters 225Applications of SC DC-DC Converters . 225Chapter Outline2266.2 Dickson Charge-Pump. 226Conventional Dickson Charge-Pump . . . 226Improved Dickson Charge-Pumps . . . . . 2286.3 Cross-Coupled SC Step-Up DC-DC Converters . . . 2326.4 SC Step-Down DC-DC Converters . . . . 2366.5 Multiple-Gain SC DC-DC Converters . . 238References . . . . . 243Chapter 7: Advanced Switched-Capacitor Circuit Techniques . 2477.1 Introduction . 247Chapter Outline2477.2 Low-Voltage SC Circuits Techniques . . . 247The Low-Voltage Challenge . . . . 247Clock Boosting and Switch Bootstrapping . 251Switched Op-Amp. . . . 2557.3 Accuracy-Enhancement Techniques for SC Circuits 258The Imperfect Op-Amp258Autozeroing 259Correlated Double-Sampling . . . 261References . . . . . 266Chapter 8: Design of SC Delta-Sigma Modulators for Multistandard RFReceivers. 2718.1 Introduction. 271The Multistandard Challenge . . . 272ΔΣ Modulator for Multistandard RF Receiver. . . . . 273Chapter Outline2748.2 Receiver Systems. . . . . 274Figures of Merit274Conventional Super-Heterodyne Receiver . . 275Zero-IF (Direct-Conversion) Receiver . . 276Low-IF Receiver277Wideband IF Double-Conversion Receiver . 278Digital-IF Receiver. . . . 278Modulator Specifi cations 2818.3 System-Level ΔΣ Modulator Design . . . 283IF Frequencies and OSRs 283ΔΣ Modulator Design for GSM and DECT. 284ΔΣ Modulator Design for WCDMA . . . . 286Sizing the Capacitors. . 286Nonidealities in ΔΣ Modulators . 2878.4 Circuit Implementation. 292SC Integrators.. 294Operational Transconductance Amplifi er (OTA). . . 295Quantizer . . 3008.5 Measurement Results. . 3018.6 Conclusions . 303References . . . . . 306Index . . . . 311
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