Virtually every piece of electronic equipment, e.g., computersand their peripherals, calculators, TV and hi-fi equipment,and instruments, is powered from a DC power source,be it a battery or a DC power supply. Most of this equipmentrequires not only DC voltage but voltage that is also wellfiltered and regulated. Since power supplies are so widelyused in electronic equipment, these devices now comprise aworldwide segment of the electronics market in excess of $5billion annually.There are three types of electronic power conversion devicesin use today which are classified as follows accordingto their input and output voltages: 1) DC/DC converter; 2) theAC/DC power supply; 3) the DC/AC inverter. Each has itsown area of use but this paper will only deal with the first two,which are the most commonly used.A power supply converting AC line voltage to DC power mustperform the following functions at high efficiency and at lowcost:1. Rectification: Convert the incoming AC line voltage toDC voltage.2. Voltage transformation: Supply the correct DC voltagelevel(s).3. Filtering: Smooth the ripple of the rectified voltage.4. Regulation: Control the output voltage level to a constantvalue irrespective of line, load and temperaturechanges.5. Isolation: Separate electrically the output from the inputvoltage source.6. Protection: Prevent damaging voltage surges fromreaching the output; provide back-up power or shutdown during a brown-out.An ideal power supply would be characterized by supplyinga smooth and constant output voltage regardless of variationsin the voltage, load current or ambient temperature at100% conversion efficiency. Figure 1 compares a real powersupply to this ideal one and further illustrates some powersupply terms.
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