Fundamentals of Wireless Communications
12
David Tse, University of California, Berkeley
Pramod Viswanath, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
August 13, 2004
Comments will be much appreciated; please send them to
dtse@eecs.berkeley.edu
or
pramodv@uiuc.edu.
Please do not distribute the notes without the authors’ consent.
2
Section 1.2 and Chapter 2 are modified from R. G. Gallager’s notes for the MIT course
6.450.
1
Draft.
Contents
1 Introduction and Book Overview
1.1 Book Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 The Wireless Channel
2.1 Physical Modeling for Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Free space, fixed transmitting and receive antennas . . .
2.1.2 Free space, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Reflecting wall, fixed antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 Reflecting wall, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5 Reflection from a Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6 Power Decay with Distance and Shadowing . . . . . . . .
2.1.7 Moving Antenna, Multiple Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Input/Output Model of the Wireless Channel . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 The Wireless Channel as a Linear Time-Varying System
2.2.2 Baseband Equivalent Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 A Discrete Time Baseband Model . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 Additive White Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Time and Frequency Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Statistical Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Modeling Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 Tap Gain Autocorrelation Function . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
8
9
12
16
16
18
19
20
22
24
25
26
27
27
29
32
36
37
37
39
42
42
43
45
60
61
61
3 Point-to-Point Communication:
Detection, Diversity and Channel Uncertainty
3.1 Detection in a Rayleigh Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Noncoherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communications
3.1.2 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 From BPSK to QPSK: Exploiting the Degrees of Freedom
3.1.4 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Beyond Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antenna Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Transmit Diversity: Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 MIMO: A 2
×
2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Single-Carrier with ISI Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . .
Impact of Channel Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Noncoherent Detection for DS Spread Spectrum . . . . . .
3.5.2 Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 Other Diversity Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
64
68
72
72
74
76
85
85
87
90
96
96
98
105
110
118
118
121
123
128
140
140
143
144
147
148
149
152
167
168
171
171
172
174
175
179
180
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4 Cellular Systems: Multiple Access and Interference
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Narrowband Cellular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Narrowband allocations: GSM system . . . .
4.2.2 Impact on Network and System Design . . . .
4.2.3 Impact on Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Wideband Systems: CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 CDMA Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 CDMA Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 System Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Wideband Systems: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Allocation Design Principles . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 Hopping Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3 Signal Characteristics and Receiver Design . .
4.4.4 Sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communications
5 Capacity of Wireless Channels
5.1 AWGN Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Packing Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Resources of the AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Continuous-Time AWGN Channel . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Power and Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Linear Time-Invariant Gaussian Channels . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Channel
5.3.2 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Channel
5.3.3 Frequency-Selective Channel . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Capacity of Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 Slow Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.2 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.4 Time and Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.5 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.6 Transmitter Side Information . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.7 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . .
5.4.8 Summary: A Shift in Point of View . . . . . . .
5.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
193
194
194
195
199
200
200
206
206
208
209
216
216
219
220
226
230
234
246
246
251
265
266
266
270
270
272
274
275
278
284
284
286
288
291
292
293
293
294
294
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6 Multiuser Capacity and Opportunistic Communication
6.1 Uplink AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Capacity via Successive Interference Cancellation . . .
6.1.2 Comparison with Conventional CDMA . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 Comparison with Orthogonal Multiple Access . . . . .
6.1.4 General
K-user
Uplink Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Downlink AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Symmetric Case: Two Capacity-Achieving Schemes . .
6.2.2 General Case: Superposition Coding Achieves Capacity
6.3 Uplink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.1 Slow Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Downlink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1 Channel Side Information at Receiver Only . . . . . . .
6.4.2 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.1 Multiuser Diversity Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communications
6.6.2 Multiuser versus Classical Diversity . . . . . . . . .
Multiuser Diversity: System Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7.1 Fair Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity . . . . . .
6.7.2 Channel Prediction and Feedback . . . . . . . . . .
6.7.3 Opportunistic Beamforming using Dumb Antennas
6.7.4 Multiuser Diversity in Multi-cell Systems . . . . . .
6.7.5 A System View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
297
299
300
307
308
317
318
325
341
342
342
345
347
347
349
350
351
361
365
365
366
367
370
372
372
378
387
393
394
396
396
399
408
411
411
417
419
427
430
6.7
6.8
7 MIMO I: Spatial Multiplexing and Channel Modeling
7.1 Multiplexing Capability of Deterministic MIMO Channels .
7.1.1 Capacity via Singular Value Decomposition . . . . .
7.1.2 Rank and Condition Number . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Physical Modeling of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 Line-of-Sight SIMO channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2 Line-of-Sight MISO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.3 Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path . . . .
7.2.4 Geographically separated antennas . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one reflected path . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Modeling of MIMO Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.1 Basic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2 MIMO Multipath Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3 Angular Domain Representation of Signals . . . . . .
7.3.4 Angular Domain Representation of MIMO Channels .
7.3.5 Statistical Modeling in the Angular Domain . . . . .
7.3.6 Degrees of Freedom and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.7 Dependency on Antenna Spacing . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.8 I.I.D. Rayleigh Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 MIMO II: Capacity and Multiplexing Architectures
8.1 The V-BLAST Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Fast Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1 Capacity with CSI at Receiver . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.2 Performance Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.3 Full CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Receiver Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.1 Linear Decorrelator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.2 Successive Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.3 Linear MMSE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.4 *Information Theoretic Optimality . . . . . . .
8.4 Slow Fading MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
京公网安备 11010802033920号
Copyright © 2005-2024 EEWORLD.com.cn, Inc. All rights reserved
评论