Integrated high-Qcontinuous-time filters require adaptive tuning circuits thatwill correct the filter parameters such as center frequency and quality factor (Q).Three different automatic tuning techniques are introduced. In all of the proposedmethods, frequency and quality factor tuning loops are controlled digitally, providingstable tuning by activating only one loop at a given time. In addition, a direct rela-tionship between passband gain and quality factor is not required, so the techniquescan be applied to active LC filters as well as Gm-C filters.
The digital-tuning method based on phase comparison was verified with 1%tuning accuracy at 5.5 MHz forQof 20. It uses phase information for bothQandcenter-frequency tuning. The filter output phase is tuned tothe known references,which are generated by a frequency synthesizer. The core tuning circuit consistsof D flip-flops (DFF) and simple logic gates. DFFs are utilizedto perform binaryphase comparisons. The second method, high-order digital tuning based on phasecomparison, is an extension of the previous technique to high-order analog filterswithout depending on the master-slave approach. Direct tuning of the overall fil-ter response is achieved without separating individual biquad sections, eliminatingswitches and their parasitics. The tuning system was verified with a prototype 6thorder bandpass filter at 19 MHz with 0.6 MHz bandwidth, which was fabricated ina conventional 0.5μm CMOS technology. Analysis of different practical limitations is also provided. Finally, the digital-tuning method basedon magnitude comparisonis proposed for second-order filters for higher frequency operations. It incorporatesa frequency synthesizer to generate reference signals, an envelope detector and aswitched comparator to compare output magnitudes at three reference frequencies.The theoretical analysis of the technique and the simulation results are provided.
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