Silicon-Germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors for extremely low-noise applications
Historically speaking, the world of extremely low-noise solid-state amplification has been dominated by exotic technologies such as InP and GaAs HEMTs. By cryogenically cooling these devices, it is possible to realize microwave amplifiers with noise temperatures as low as 5K over decades of bandwidth. Although HEMTs can provide very low noise amplification when cooled to cryogenic temperatures, their radiometer performance is limited by intrinsic transconductance fluctuations. It is believed that bipolar devices do not suffer from this problem. As industry has invested more and more money into silicon based technologies, silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have continued to improve and are now at the point where they are beginning to become competitive with InP HEMTs for microwave cryogenic low-noise amplifiers. Although extremely high frequency device operation has been observed at cryogenic temperatures, little work has been done on modeling the noise of cooled SiGe HBTs. In this report, a thorough investigation into the theoretical and practical aspects of using silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) for extremely low-noise applications is presented. T
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