Capacitance Sensors for Human Interfaces to Electronic Equipment:A: Capacitance sensors detect a change in capacitance whensomething or someone approaches or touches the sensor. Thetechnique has been used in industrial applications for many yearsto measure liquid levels, humidity, and material composition.A newer application, coming into widespread use, is in humanto-machine interfaces. Mechanical buttons, switches, and jogwheels have long been used as the interface between the userand the machine. Because of their many drawbacks, however,interface designers have been increasingly looking for morereliable solutions. Capacitive sensors can be used in the samemanner as buttons, but they also can function with greaterversatility, for example, when implementing a 128-positionscroll bar.Integrated circuits specifically designed to implementcapacitance sensing in human-machine interface applicationsare now available from Analog Devices. The AD71421 and theAD7143, for example, can stimulate and respond to up to 14 andeight capacitance sensors, respectively. They provide excitationto the capacitance sensor, sense the changes in capacitancecaused by the user’s proximity, and provide a digital output.
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