Analysis of the signals, spectra and error bounds for Doppler ultrasound signals is challenging and involves numerous concepts in signal analysis, probability, acoustics andfluid mechanics. Nonetheless, the results of this analysis must be accessible to bothengineers and clinicians who work with ultrasound technology. The engineer who designs, builds or maintains equipment must know whether specific artifacts are fundamental or can be eliminated. The clinician must be able to interpret whether specificsignal features accurately represent the flow field or result from limitations of Dopplerultrasound. This article reviews recent advances in both conceptual and numericalmodels of the Doppler ultrasound process, and relates these advances to practical aspects such as spectral broadening, velocity estimation error and data analysis error. Itthen reviews recent innovations in system implementation and signal analysis which areindicative of the future potential of Doppler ultrasound instrumentation.
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