Contents
About the Author ix
Acknowledgements xi
Acronyms xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Outline 3
2 Vision 5
2.1 Eye 5
2.1.1 Physical Principles 5
2.1.2 Optics of the Eye 7
2.1.3 Optical Quality 8
2.1.4 Eye Movements 9
2.2 Retina 10
2.2.1 Photoreceptors 11
2.2.2 Retinal Neurons 14
2.3 Visual Pathways 16
2.3.1 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 17
2.3.2 Visual Cortex 18
2.4 Sensitivity to Light 20
2.4.1 Light Adaptation 20
2.4.2 Contrast Sensitivity 20
2.5 Color Perception 25
2.5.1 Color Matching 25
2.5.2 Opponent Colors 26
2.6 Masking and Adaptation 28
2.6.1 Spatial Masking 28
2.6.2 Temporal Masking 30
2.6.3 Pattern Adaptation 30
2.7 Multi-channel Organization 31
2.7.1 Spatial Mechanisms 31
2.7.2 Temporal Mechanisms 32
2.8 Summary 33
3 Video Quality 35
3.1 Video Coding and Compression 36
3.1.1 Color Coding 36
3.1.2 Interlacing 37
3.1.3 Compression Methods 38
3.1.4 Standards 39
3.2 Artifacts 42
3.2.1 Compression Artifacts 42
3.2.2 Transmission Errors 45
3.2.3 Other Impairments 47
3.3 Visual Quality 47
3.3.1 Viewing Distance 47
3.3.2 Subjective Quality Factors 48
3.3.3 Testing Procedures 51
3.4 Quality Metrics 54
3.4.1 Pixel-based Metrics 54
3.4.2 Single-channel Models 56
3.4.3 Multi-channel Models 58
3.4.4 Specialized Metrics 63
3.5 Metric Evaluation 64
3.5.1 Performance Attributes 64
3.5.2 Metric Comparisons 66
3.5.3 Video Quality Experts Group 66
3.5.4 Limits of Prediction Performance 68
3.6 Summary 70
4 Models and Metrics 71
4.1 Isotropic Contrast 72
4.1.1 Contrast Definitions 72
4.1.2 In-phase and Quadrature Mechanisms 73
4.1.3 Isotropic Local Contrast 76
4.1.4 Filter Design 80
4.2 Perceptual Distortion Metric 82
4.2.1 Metric Design 82
4.2.2 Color Space Conversion 84
4.2.3 Perceptual Decomposition 86
4.2.4 Contrast Gain Control 91
4.2.5 Detection and Pooling 94
4.2.6 Parameter Fitting 95
4.2.7 Demonstration 99
4.3 Summary 102
5 Metric Evaluation 103
5.1 Still Images 103
5.1.1 Test Images 103
5.1.2 Subjective Experiments 104
5.1.3 Prediction Performance 107
vi CONTENTS
5.2 Video 108
5.2.1 Test Sequences 108
5.2.2 Subjective Experiments 109
5.2.3 Prediction Performance 111
5.2.4 Discussion 115
5.3 Component Analysis 117
5.3.1 Dissecting the PDM 117
5.3.2 Color Space 118
5.3.3 Decomposition Filters 119
5.3.4 Pooling Algorithm 120
5.4 Summary 123
6 Metric Extensions 125
6.1 Blocking Artifacts 125
6.1.1 Perceptual Blocking Distortion Metric 125
6.1.2 Test Sequences 127
6.1.3 Subjective Experiments 128
6.1.4 Prediction Performance 129
6.2 Object Segmentation 129
6.2.1 Test Sequences 131
6.2.2 Prediction Performance 131
6.3 Image Appeal 133
6.3.1 Background 133
6.3.2 Quantifying Image Appeal 134
6.3.3 Results with VQEG Data 137
6.3.4 Test Sequences 139
6.3.5 Subjective Experiments 140
6.3.6 PDM Prediction Performance 144
6.3.7 Performance with Image Appeal Attributes 145
6.4 Summary 148
7 Closing Remarks 149
7.1 Summary 149
7.2 Perspectives 151
Appendix: Color Space Conversions 155
References 157
Index 171
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