The interest in autonomous vehicles has never been higher and there are several components that need to function for a vehicle to be fully autonomous; oneof which is the ability to perform a parking at the end of a mission. The objective of this thesis work is to develop and implement an automatic parking system (APS) for a heavy-duty vehicle (HDV). A delimitation in this thesis work isthat the parking lot has a known structure and the HDV is a truck without anytrailer and access to more computational power and sensors than today’s commercial trucks.
An automatic system for searching the parking lot has been developed whichupdates an occupancy grid map (OGM) based on measurements from GPS andLIDAR sensors mounted on the truck. Based on the OGM and the known structure of the parking lot, the state of the parking spots is determined and a pathcan be computed between the current and desired position.
Based on a kinematic model of the HDV, a gain-scheduled linear quadratic (LQ)controller with feedforward action is developed. The controller’s objective is tostabilize the lateral error dynamics of the system around a precomputed path.
The LQ controller explicitly takes into account that there exist an input delayin the system. Due to minor complications with the precomputed path the LQcontroller causes the steering wheel turn too rapidly which makes the backupdriver nervous. To limit these rapid changes of the steering wheel a controllerbased on model predictive control (MPC) is developed with the goal of makingthe steering wheel behave more human-like. A constraint for maximum allowedchanges of the controller output is added to the MPC formulation as well asphysical restrictions and the resulting MPC controller is smoother and morehuman-like, but due to computational limitations the controller turns out lesseffective than desired.
Development and testing of the two controllers are evaluated in three differentenvironments of varying complexity; the simplest simulation environment contains a basic vehicle model and serves as a proof of concept environment, thesecond simulation environment uses a more realistic vehicle model and finallythe controllers are evaluated on a full-scale HDV.
Finally, system tests of the APS are performed and the HDV successfully parkswith the LQ controller as well as the MPC controller. The concept of a self-parkingHDV has been demonstrated even though more tuning and development needsto be done before the proposed APS can be used in a commercial HDV.
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