With the exponential growth of the number of Internet nodes, thevolume of the data transported on the backbone has increased withthe same trend. The load of the global Internet backbone will soonincrease to tens of terabits per second. This indicates that the backbonebandwidth requirements will increase by a factor of 50 to 100 every sevenyears.Transportation of such high volumes of data requires suitable mediawith low loss and high bandwidth. Among the available transmissionmedia, optical fibers achieve the best performance in terms of loss andbandwidth.High-speed data can be transported over hundreds of kilometers ofsingle-mode fiber without significant loss in signal integrity. These fibersprogressively benefit from reduction of cost and improvement of performance.Meanwhile, the electronic interfaces used in an optical network arenot capable of exploiting the ultimate bandwidth of the fiber, limitingthe throughput of the network. Different solutions at both the systemand the circuit levels have been proposed to increase the data rate ofthe backbone.System-level solutions are based on the utilization of wave-divisionmultiplexing (WDM), using different colors of light to transmit severalsequences simultaneously. In parallel with that, a great deal ofeffort has been put into increasing the operating rate of the electronictransceivers using highly-developed fabrication processes and novel circuittechniques.The design of the clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is the mostchallenging part of building a high-speed optical transceiver because ofthe complexity of this block. In this book, the design and experimentalresults of two CDR circuits are described. Both the circuits achieve ahigh operating speed by employing the concept of “half rate”, meaningthat the clock frequency is half the data rate. Furthermore, broadbandcircuit techniques including wideband amplification and high-speedmatched filtering are described in this book.The two CDR circuits benefit from two major techniques for phasedetection, namely linear and binary. The design of the linear phase detectoris based on a new technique that allows a fast speed and low powerconsumption because of its simplicity. The new binary phase/frequencydetector provides a wide capture range and a phase error signal thatis only revalidated at data transitions. Furthermore, the design of theCDR circuits involves utilization of two major types of voltage-controlledoscillators, which are ring and LC-tuned. The ring oscillator describedin this work achieves a wide tuning range and low power consumption.The LC oscillator benefits from a new topology that provides multiplephases with low jitter.
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